[5] Itzler, M., et al. "Single-photon counting for night vision." IEEE JSTQE 2024; 30(2): 1-14.
Standard maximum likelihood fails due to near-zero counts. We instead maximize the Evidence Lower Bound (ELBO): [ \mathcalL(\theta,\phi;\mathbfx) = \mathbbE \mathbfx) [\log p_\theta(\mathbfx|\mathbfz)] - D_KL(q_\phi(\mathbfz|\mathbfx) | p(\mathbfz)) ] where ( q_\phi ) is a neural encoder (inference network) and ( p_\theta ) is a decoder that maps latent variables to Poisson rates. elli nova nvg
[2] Nováková, L. "SPAD arrays with on-chip histogramming." JSSC 2025; 60(3): 550-562. [5] Itzler, M
[3] Vann, J. G., & Zhang, W. "Recurrent priors for low-light video." CVPR 2024: 887-896. 60(3): 550-562. [3] Vann