For H.265/AV1, cut bitrate by 30–50% at same perceptual quality. | Direction | Common Protocols | Typical Use | |-----------|------------------|--------------| | Ingest | SRT (secure, lossy networks), RTMP (legacy), RIST, Zixi | Contribution from remote encoder | | Output | HLS (CMAF fMP4), DASH, SRT, RTSP, WebRTC (sub-second) | Delivery to players / CDN |

| Resolution | Bitrate (H.264) | H.265/AV1 bitrate | |------------|----------------|-------------------| | 1080p | 4–6 Mbps | 2–3 Mbps | | 720p | 2–3 Mbps | 1–1.5 Mbps | | 480p | 1–1.5 Mbps | 0.5–0.8 Mbps | | 360p | 0.5–0.8 Mbps | 0.3–0.5 Mbps | | 160p (audio only) | 64 kbps | 64 kbps |

is now dominant for ingest over public internet due to its ARQ + timing recovery. 9. Practical FFmpeg Command Example Ingest RTMP, transcode to two HLS outputs (low-latency):

Every additional encode output multiplies CPU/GPU load. A common 1080p source ladder: