def convert_units(value, from_unit, to_unit): """Simple unit conversion helper for common flow/velocity units.""" # Length conversions to meters length_to_m = { 'mm': 0.001, 'cm': 0.01, 'm': 1.0, 'in': 0.0254, 'ft': 0.3048 } # Flow rate conversions to m³/s flow_to_m3s = { 'm3/s': 1.0, 'L/s': 0.001, 'L/min': 1/60000, 'm3/h': 1/3600, 'gpm_us': 0.00006309, 'gpm_uk': 0.00007577 } # Velocity conversions to m/s vel_to_ms = { 'm/s': 1.0, 'ft/s': 0.3048, 'km/h': 1/3.6, 'mph': 0.44704 } if from_unit in length_to_m and to_unit == 'm': return value * length_to_m[from_unit] elif from_unit in flow_to_m3s and to_unit == 'm3/s': return value * flow_to_m3s[from_unit] elif from_unit in vel_to_ms and to_unit == 'm/s': return value * vel_to_ms[from_unit] else: raise ValueError(f"Unsupported unit conversion: {from_unit} to {to_unit}")

def velocity_from_flow_rate(diameter_m, flow_rate_m3s): """ Calculate flow velocity (m/s) from pipe diameter and volumetric flow rate. Parameters: diameter_m (float): Pipe inner diameter in meters flow_rate_m3s (float): Volumetric flow rate in m³/s Returns: float: Flow velocity in m/s """ area_m2 = math.pi * (diameter_m / 2) ** 2 velocity_ms = flow_rate_m3s / area_m2 return velocity_ms

import math

def flow_rate_from_velocity(diameter_m, velocity_ms): """ Calculate volumetric flow rate (m³/s) from pipe diameter and flow velocity. Parameters: diameter_m (float): Pipe inner diameter in meters velocity_ms (float): Flow velocity in meters per second Returns: float: Volumetric flow rate in m³/s """ area_m2 = math.pi * (diameter_m / 2) ** 2 flow_rate_m3s = area_m2 * velocity_ms return flow_rate_m3s